Global health postgraduate educational programs profile: a scoping review / Perfil dos programas educacionais de pós-graduação em saúde global: uma revisão de escopo

Abstract This study aimed to describe a set of global health postgraduate programs profile, emphasizing the importance of promoting education and training in this field to meet global health challenges and ameliorate health outcomes. The present review is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist and the Scoping Review Methods Manual proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Eligibility criteria were a set of lato sensu or stricto sensu postgraduate educational programs of global health or lato sensu or stricto sensu postgraduate programs of public health that present a global health concentration area. The search yielded 707 studies: MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS. A total of 441 studies and their authors' institutional affiliations were analyzed and 101 institutions that offer educational programs were identified. Most postgraduate programs in Global Health or Public health with a concentration area in Global health are master's degrees, and many of them are taught online. The majority of educational programs are offered by institutions in Europe and North America.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil de um conjunto de programas de pós-graduação em saúde global, enfatizando a importância de promover educação e treinamento neste campo para enfrentar os desafios de saúde internacional e melhorar os desfechos de saúde. A presente revisão está de acordo com a lista de verificação Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) e com o manual para revisões de escopo proposto pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. Os critérios de elegibilidade abarcaram um conjunto de programas de pós-graduação lato sensu ou stricto sensu em saúde global ou programas de pós-graduação lato sensu ou stricto sensu em saúde pública que apresentaram uma área de concentração em saúde global. A busca resultou em 707 estudos: Medline/PubMed, Web of Science e LILACS. Foram analisados 441 estudos e as filiações institucionais de seus autores, e foram identificadas 101 instituições que oferecem esses programas educacionais. A maioria dos programas de pós-graduação em saúde global ou saúde pública com área de concentração em saúde global são mestrados, e muitos deles são ministrados online. A maioria destes programas educacionais é oferecida por instituições na Europa e na América do Norte.

TNF-α levels and presence of SNP-308G/A of TNF-α gene in temporomandibular disorder patients

ABSTRACT Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to a group of conditions that compromise the harmonious movement and function of the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and associated structures. The etiopathogenesis of TMD is multifactorial but not well-understood, with the role of genetic factors still being unclear. Objective: This review aims to summarize the results of studies that evaluated TNF-α levels and the -308G/A TNF-α polymorphism in TMD patients. This study emphasizes the importance of a more selective treatment involving TNF-α inhibitors that can potentially reduce inflammation and pain, and improve quality of life. Methods: The MEDLINE/PubMed database, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science database were searched for case-control studies published until September 2020 that compared levels of TNF-α or presence of its -308G/A polymorphism in TMD patients and healthy individuals. Results: Six case-control studies were identified with a total of 398 TMD patients, aged between 12 and 78 years. The control group consisted of 149 subjects, aged between 18 and 47 years. The occurrence of TMD was predominant in females. Majority of studies found high TNF-α levels in TMD patients, compared to the control group. One of these studies found a positive correlation between the GA genotype and the development of TMD. Conclusion: Majority of the TMD patients showed elevated TNF-α levels, and a possible explanation for this could be the presence of the -308G/A polymorphism.

RESUMO Introdução: A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é definida como um grupo de alterações que comprometem a articulação temporomandibular, os músculos mastigatórios e as estruturas associadas. A etiopatogenia da DTM é multifatorial, e o papel dos fatores genéticos permanece obscuro. Objetivo: A presente revisão teve como objetivo descrever as contribuições de estudos que avaliaram os níveis de TNF-α e o polimorfismo -308 G/A em pacientes com DTM. Esse estudo enfatizou a importância de um tratamento mais completo envolvendo os inibidores do TNF-α que podem potencialmente reduzir a inflamação e a dor, contribuindo para melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente. Métodos: As pesquisas foram realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library e Web of Science, em busca de estudos de caso-controle publicados até setembro de 2020 que avaliassem os níveis de TNF-α e seu polimorfismo -308 G/A nos pacientes com DTM e em controles saudáveis. Resultados: Seis estudos de caso-controle foram identificados, com um total de 398 pacientes com DTM, e a idade variou de 12 a 78 anos. O grupo controle consistiu de 149 indivíduos e sua idade variou, aproximadamente, de 18 a 47 anos. O sexo feminino foi predominante. A maioria das pesquisas encontrou níveis elevados de TNF-α nos pacientes, em comparação com os controles. Um estudo encontrou uma associação positiva entre o genótipo GA e o desenvolvimento de DTM. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes com DTM demonstrou predisposição a uma maior produção de TNF-α, e isso poderia ser explicado pela presença do polimorfismo -308 G/A.

Polymorphisms of the serotonin receptors genes in patients with bruxism: a systematic review

Abstract This study aimed to investigate if SNP rs6313, SNP rs2770304, SNP rs4941573, and SNP rs1923884 of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and SNP rs6295 of the 5-HT1A receptor gene are associated with bruxism etiology. Methodology This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018094561). A search was conducted for articles published in or before May 2021. To qualify for eligibility in this review, the studies had to be case-controls, cohort or cross-sectional. The inclusion criteria were the articles with a group of patients with bruxism and a control group in which the presence of these SNPs was evaluated. The exclusion criteria were the investigations of other polymorphisms, the studies that did not consider a control group for comparison, case reports, and reviews. The NOS and JBI were used to evaluate the methodological quality of studies. Results We conducted this study with databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and ProQuest. We considered four studies eligible. A total of 672 participants were included,187 with sleep bruxism, 105 with awake bruxism, 89 with sleep and awake bruxism, and 291 controls. One study found a strong association between the SNPs rs6313, rs2770304 and rs4941573 of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and sleep bruxism. In one study, we considered the C allele of the SNP rs2770304 a risk factor for sleep bruxism. We found no significant results of other SNPs in sleep bruxers compared to controls. We found no positive association concerning the SNPs and groups of awake bruxism and sleep and awake bruxism. Conclusion The different results regarding the SNPs in sleep bruxers could be explained by the genetic distinction between Chilean, Mexican, Japanese, and Polish population. More clinical trials and prospective studies must be conducted with larger sample size and in different ethnicities to confirm the results of this review.